In the second half of the twentieth century, many Jews and Christians began to understand their relationship to one another in a radically new way. Previously each had looked at the other’s faith as a kind of heresy, a false teaching incompatible with the truth upheld in one’s own tradition. Now theologians from both sides looked for ways to combat the heritage of mutual enmity and contempt.

Some propounded an attractive new perspective called dual-covenant theology. According to this view, God had established distinct covenantal bonds with the Jewish people and the Christian Church, and had called each to follow its own separate path through history. Jews and Christians should respect one another’s faith, and recognize that each had an equally valid connection to God and mission in the world.

While dual-covenant theology improved the overall climate of Jewish-Christian relations, it could not win the adherence of Jews and Christians who were deeply rooted in their faith traditions. Spiritually-grounded Jews could not view God’s covenant with Israel as anything but the center of history and of God’s dealings with all creation. There was another covenant —but it was the universal covenant with Noah, under which all humanity lived, and it did not elevate its participants to the unique status enjoyed by the descendants of Jacob, Rachel, and Leah.

Similarly, spiritually-grounded Christians could not view Jesus as anything but the Word made flesh, through whom God made all things, through whom God would also redeem all things. They accepted at face value the words recounted in the Gospel of John: “I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me” (John 14:6).

For such Jews and Christians, another way of reconciliation must be found. Both believe that there is only one covenant that provides a roadmap for God’s purposes in history—that which God makes with the family of Jacob, Rachel, and Leah. But might that one covenant include two distinct but inseparable paths?

This is the view held by Messianic Jews. The one covenant summons the physical descendants of the patriarchs and matriarchs to chart their course as a particular nation in the midst of the world, bearing witness to the God who called them. The same covenant empowers a multitude from among the nations to become spiritual descendants of the patriarchs and matriarchs, extended family of the Jewish people, and fellow witnesses to the God of the covenant.

This one covenant finds its definitive realization in the person of Yeshua the Messiah. He confirms the ancestral promises, travels with Israel through its centuries of exile, and provides by his resurrection a certain pledge of Jerusalem’s eschatological future. He also opens the way of access to Israel’s God for the nations of the world.

One covenant, with two distinct but inseparable paths—which culminate in one redemption. May the cry resound from both paths, “Come Yeshua, speedily, in our days!”

Mark Kinzer

Mark Kinzer

Mark Kinzer, Ph.D. is the President of Messianic Jewish Theological Institute, Chairman of the Board of Hashivenu, and the Rabbi of Congregation Zera Avraham in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

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